Effect of welding speed on (a) keyhole dimensions and on (b) keyhole

Effects of oscillating frequency on keyhole stability and porosity inhibition in high-power laser-arc hybrid welding of 10-mm-thick 6082 aluminum alloy - ScienceDirect

Direct observation of keyhole characteristics in deep penetration laser welding with a 10 kW fiber laser.

Effect of welding speed on (a) keyhole dimensions and on (b) keyhole

Humping formation and keyhole length(mm) under different welding

Applied Sciences, Free Full-Text

Experimental sensing of molten flow velocity, weld pool and keyhole geometries in ultrasonic-assisted plasma arc welding - ScienceDirect

Multiphase and multi-physical simulation of open keyhole plasma arc welding - ScienceDirect

Applied Sciences, Free Full-Text

Materials, Free Full-Text

Effect of the eddies formed inside a weld pool on welding defects during plasma keyhole arc welding - ScienceDirect

Researching Understanding and Controlling the Influence of Laser Energy on Penetration, Porosity, and Microstructure during Laser Welding

Metals, Free Full-Text

Visual sensing and controlling of the keyhole in robotic plasma arc welding

Keyhole dynamics and porosity generation mechanism at (a) 75 %

Electron-beam welding - Wikipedia